![]() Due to its role in top-down, executive functions, the FPN is viewed as essential for guiding flexible, goal-directed behavior. The fronto-parietal network (FPN) is comprised of regions that have established roles in attentional control and working memory 18, 19, 20, response selection 21, and response suppression 22. The default mode network (DMN) is characterized by a tendency to deactivate during tasks and to activate at rest, as well as during self-referential tasks 16, 17. Three large-scale functional brain networks are increasingly incorporated into the impaired disengagement hypothesis due to their roles in conflict signaling, self-referential thought, and attentional control 12, 15. In line with this perspective, deficits in inhibiting previous mental states are associated with RNT 13 and cognitive control ability moderates the extent to which RNT follows negative moods 14. From this perspective, RNT results from impaired cognitive conflict signaling and/or difficulties in enacting attentional control to divert attention away from one’s negative thoughts. The impaired disengagement hypothesis 12 proposes that enduring negative thoughts, especially those directed towards the self, signal a cognitive conflict that leads to the disengagement of attention from negative thoughts via attentional control. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) entails perseverative thinking about one’s problems or emotions and is a maladaptive response to sadness 2, 3, 4 and a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Cognitive responses to sadness, however, do not always support well-being. The experience of sadness is functional as it highlights a discrepancy between one’s actual state and one’s desired state 1. Our findings highlight the importance of functional brain networks implicated in cognitive conflict signaling, self-referential thought, and cognitive flexibility for understanding maladaptive responses to sadness in daily life and provide support for the impaired disengagement hypothesis of RNT. We also find that flexibility of the salience network’s pattern of connections with brain regions is protective against increases in RNT following sadness. We also show that RNT increases following increases in sadness for participants with lower than average between-network connectivity of the fronto-parietal network and the salience network. ![]() We show that RNT increases following sadness for participants with higher than average between-network connectivity of the default mode network and the fronto-parietal network. ![]() We pair functional magnetic resonance imaging with ambulatory assessments deployed 10 times per day over 4 consecutive days measuring momentary sadness and RNT from 58 participants (40 female, mean age = 36.69 years 29 remitted from a lifetime episode of Major Depression) in a multilevel model. From the perspective of the impaired disengagement hypothesis, we examine between-person differences in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional networks underlying cognitive conflict signaling, self-referential thought, and cognitive flexibility, and the association between sadness and RNT in daily life. A critical challenge hampering attempts to promote more adaptive responses to sadness is that the between-person characteristics associated with the tendency for RNT remain uncharacterized. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a maladaptive response to sadness and a transdiagnostic risk-factor. ![]()
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